Unity and Variety in Language The idea of linguistic universals should not seem surprising if we consider that language is the expression or externalization of thought. Given that thought contains universals, and language expresses thought, language should contain universals. If there is an innately (genetically) determined language of thought, […]
Knowledge of One’s Visual Field The human visual field is limited and known by us to be limited. It is possible to establish its extent and shape by the strategic placement of stimuli: about 180 degrees and roundish (corresponding to the optics of the eye). We normally don’t pay much […]
Bacteria Epistemology Epistemology has been shaped around the case of adult humans, as if these were the sole epistemic agents. Thus we find invoked such concepts as belief, judgment, reason, reflection, rationality, inference, ratiocination, justification, doubt, certainty, fallibility, and so on. But what about human children, infants, […]
Induction Reconfigured Some critics of induction have charged that it is simply a logical fallacy to reason inductively. If induction is inferring a general conclusion from particular cases, then the conclusion patently doesn’t follow from the premises. How can we validly infer that all swans are white from the premise […]
Love and Hate Hate has had a bad rap for the last two thousand years. We have been urged to love not hate, especially by Christianity (the ancient world didn’t take this view, advocating wisdom as our chief virtue). Hate is thought to lead to violence, exclusion, and self-corrosion. […]
The Cogito There have been many criticisms of the Cogito and many versions of it (some preceding Descartes’ version). Lichtenberg’s criticism has been influential: all we know with certainty is that there are thoughts occurring, not that there exists someone having those thoughts. We introspect our thoughts and thereby […]
Confined Knowledge Our knowledge of mind is conspicuously confined: we know mind in our own case quite clearly and distinctly, but we can at best speculate about mind as it occurs elsewhere. Nothing else in nature is quite like this: we don’t know shape, say, in only one instance while being […]
Metamorphosis and the Self It is not implausible to maintain that the caterpillar and the butterfly it becomes are the same organism, but it is another question whether they are the same self. The caterpillar crawls on tiny feet and munches leaves: it has the sensations and motivations that go with […]
Democracy and Desire The essence of democracy is collective decision. Each citizen is accorded equal power to determine the outcome of elections and hence to influence public policy. The simplest version of the democratic principle is majority rule: what the majority wants determines the decisions of the state. There have been criticisms […]
Quantum Semantics The so-called quantum revolution, initiated by Planck and Einstein in the first decade of the twentieth century, was just that: an overturning of entrenched earlier theory. Light (radiation) had been conceived as continuous and wavelike not as having a particulate structure. Much of the experimentally observed behavior […]