Plurality Skepticism The skeptic characteristically maintains that we have a tendency to believe in too many things. We believe in other minds (not just our own) and we believe in external objects existing independently of our mental states. Strictly, we should believe in our own mind and nothing else. […]
Two Types of Skepticism It is common for philosophers to use the phrase “skepticism with regard to the external world” or “skepticism about other minds”. This is quite misleading, because it conflates two distinct questions: one relating to reality, the other to knowledge of reality. The dictionary definition of […]
Indefensible Knowledge Honest reflection on classical skeptical arguments leaves one with two conflicting conclusions: (a) that there is something undeniably cogent about skeptical arguments, and (b) that we nevertheless know more or less what we take ourselves to know. The two conclusions are in obvious tension with each other, […]
Emotional Skepticism Our emotions are set at a certain level: we feel a certain degree of anxiety, fear, happiness, and depression. Consider our fear of death: we fear it to a certain degree, neither more nor less. True, some people fear death more than others, and each of us can vary […]
Referring, Knowing, and Skepticism What would it take to defeat the skeptic? What conception of knowledge is best suited to fending off the skeptical challenge? If knowledge were simply identical to reality, then presumably skepticism would be impossible, since whatever reality contains knowledge does too. How could knowledge fail to match […]
Necessity and Infinity Certain concepts lead naturally to the concept of infinity; arguably they entail the concept of infinity. Thus God, space, time, and number: anyone who grasps these concepts is apt to entertain thoughts of the infinite. God is infinitely powerful, space is unending, time goes on forever, and numbers […]
Materialist Idealism In Berkeley’s system there are two kinds of entity: ideas and spirits (finite and infinite). What we call “material objects” are not material at all but ideas in minds, our own and God’s. There are no material entities, only ideas and immaterial spirits. God is the basis of […]
A Disproof of God’s Existence The traditional definition of God credits him with three attributes: moral perfection, omniscience, and omnipotence. These are supposed to be logically independent, with none entailing the others. But that is not obviously correct: How is moral perfection possible without omniscience and omnipotence? How is it possible to […]
Induction about Induction When we reason about the future we use induction. The sun has always been observed to rise, so we infer inductively that it will rise in the future. The skeptic questions the validity of such inferences. But can’t we apply inductive skepticism to induction itself? Is there any […]
Truth, Goodness, and Beauty The members of this hallowed platonic trinity are supposed to belong tightly together like a family. What I want to point out is that theories of these three things also form a family; in particular, theories of truth find counterparts in theories of goodness and […]