Cognitive Closure De Dicto and De Re De dicto belief does not entail de re belief and vice versa. The two have different conditions of possibility. Someone could believe de dicto that the tallest man in the world is over 8 feet without believing de re of the tallest man that he is […]
Physiological Investigations It would be wrong to think that all the organs of the body are pumps. The heart is a pump and it features prominently in our picture of the body, but not every organ resembles the heart. We might be tempted to think that the lungs, stomach, and kidneys are […]
Language, Truth, and Grammar It would be convenient if only true statements were grammatical. Then we would be able to read truth-value off grammar. Falsehood would be signaled by ungrammaticality. But of course false statements are as grammatical as true ones. Grammar is completely indifferent to truth. The world is what determines […]
Two Dogmas of Rationalism We may suppose the rationalist to hold two theses: (a) there is an analytic-synthetic distinction, and (b) the meaning of statements can be reduced to the innate ideas expressed or denoted by the terms in them. Since rationalism accords priority to a priori statements, the odd member of the […]
Inverted Positivism I wish to introduce you to the work of an obscure Austrian philosopher. His name is Otto Otto and he lives in the suburbs of Vienna. [1] He belongs to a group called the Vienna Oval by facetious analogy with the better-known Vienna Circle. Otto (you can take this to be […]
Studying the Brain Brain studies have proceeded apace since that clump of grey tissue in our heads was tapped as the basis of mind. First it was inspected with the naked eye, prodded and poked; then dissected and anatomized; then stained and examined under a microscope; then electrically recorded, grossly and minutely; and […]
Mental and Physical Events Identity of properties is one thing; identity of particulars is another. Particulars can be identical without their properties all being identical. This is obvious: Superman is identical to Clark Kent but the property of being a flying man is not identical to the property of being a journalist. It […]
Labile Fear Fear is a besetting emotion. It is with us always. It is also a universal feature of animal life. Fear motivates like no other emotion. It is unpleasant, intense, and disruptive. We do well to understand it. The aspect of fear I want to focus on is its extremely labile […]
Identity Philosophical logicians usually distinguish between qualitative and numerical identity. The former can hold between one object and another, meaning exact similarity (we can also define a notion of partial qualitative identity). Numerical identity (which from now on I will simply call identity) is supposed to relate objects only to themselves: nothing can […]
Blind Consciousness Consciousness is information laden. Not only does it supply information about the external world, it also informs us about itself and our own body. In being conscious we find out about the world outside us and about our own subjective state and bodily condition. The faculties used to acquire these sorts […]